What carries the oxygen to every cell in your body? *

Claret is a vitally of import fluid for the torso. It is thicker than water, and feels a flake sticky. The temperature of claret in the body is 38°C (100.4°F), which is about i degree higher than body temperature. How much blood you have depends more often than not on your size and weight. A man who weighs about seventy kg (about 154 pounds) has about 5 to 6 liters of blood in his body. Blood has three of import functions:

Transportation

The blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body, where it is needed for metabolism. The carbon dioxide produced during metabolism is carried back to the lungs by the blood, where information technology is and so exhaled (breathed out). Blood too provides the cells with nutrients, transports hormones and removes waste products, which organs such as the liver, the kidneys or the intestine then get rid of.

Regulation

The blood helps to keep sure things in the torso in balance. For case, it makes certain that the right body temperature is maintained. This is done both through the liquid role of the blood (plasma), which can absorb or give off heat, as well as through the speed at which the claret is flowing: When the blood vessels expand, the blood flows more slowly and this causes heat to be lost. When the temperature outside the body is low, the blood vessels can contract to reduce the corporeality of rut lost. Even the pH value of the blood is kept at a level ideal for the torso. The pH value tells usa how acidic or alkaline a liquid is. A constant pH value is very important for things in the body to function properly.

Protection

This involves solid parts of the blood such as blood platelets and diverse substances that are dissolved in the blood plasma. If a blood vessel is damaged, these parts of the blood stick together (clot) very quickly and make sure that a scrape, for instance, stops bleeding. This prevents large amounts of blood loss. White blood cells and sure chemical messengers also play an important office in the immune system.

The individual parts of blood

Blood is made up of nearly 55% blood plasma and about 45% different types of claret cells. Claret plasma is a calorie-free yellow, slightly cloudy liquid. Over 90% of blood plasma is h2o, while less than 10% consists of dissolved substances, generally proteins. Blood plasma also contains electrolytes, vitamins and nutrients such as glucose and amino acids. Over 99% of the solid particles in claret are cells known as red blood cells (erythrocytes) due to their blood-red color. The remainder are pale or colorless white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes).

Blood is made up of plasma and blood cells

Red claret cells expect like discs that are thinner in the middle. They can easily change shape to "clasp through" narrow blood vessels. Different many other cells, red blood cells have no nucleus ("information center"). All red claret cells incorporate a reddish pigment known as hemoglobin. Oxygen binds to hemoglobin, and is transported around the body in that mode. In tiny blood vessels in the lung, the cherry-red blood cells pick up oxygen from inhaled (breathed in) air and carry it through the bloodstream to all parts of the trunk. When they attain their goal, they release information technology again. The cells need oxygen for metabolism, which creates carbon dioxide equally a waste production. The carbon dioxide is absorbed from the cells past the blood plasma (some of it binds to hemoglobin besides) and is transported back to the lungs in the bloodstream. In that location it leaves the body when we breathe out.

Red claret cells can also pick upwards or release hydrogen and nitrogen. By picking up or releasing hydrogen they assistance to keep the pH of the blood stable; when they release nitrogen the blood vessels expand, and blood pressure falls. Cherry-red blood cells alive for about 120 days. When they're likewise old or damaged, they're cleaved down in the bone marrow, spleen or liver.

White claret cells (leukocytes) accept a cell nucleus and don't contain hemoglobin. In that location are different types of white blood cells. They are classified co-ordinate to how their nucleus is shaped and what the inside of the cell looks like nether a microscope. Granulocytes take small granules within them. Monocytes and lymphocytes too comprise granules, only their granules are extremely small and tin can't exist seen under a microscope. At that place are many more red blood cells than white claret cells in the blood. Merely white claret cells can leave the bloodstream and move into tissues in the trunk.

White blood cells play an of import role in the immune system. Here the different blood cells take different functions: Some fight intruders such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi themselves and render them harmless. Others make antibodies, which specifically target foreign objects or germs similar viruses. Leukocytes also play a part in allergic reactions: For instance, they are the reason why people with a dust mite allergy become a runny nose when they come into contact with dust. Sure lymphocytes can also impale cancerous cells that have developed elsewhere in the body. Nigh white blood cells accept a lifespan of only a few hours to several days. Some lymphocytes tin stay in the trunk for many years, though.

Blood platelets (thrombocytes) too look like piddling discs, as practise red blood cells, and they also have no cell nucleus. But they are much smaller than red blood cells. They play an of import part in blood clotting: If a blood vessel is damaged – for instance, if you lot accidentally cut yourself with a knife – the healing process begins with blood platelets gathering and clumping together on the within of the damaged wall of the blood vessel. This quickly causes a plug to form and close the wound temporarily. At the same time, strong poly peptide threads are fabricated and they concord the clump in identify, attached to the wound. Thrombocytes ordinarily live merely 5 to nine days. One-time thrombocytes are mainly broken down in the spleen.

Production of claret cells

All solid parts of the claret come from common parent cells known as stem cells. In adults, blood cells are mainly produced in the os marrow. The various blood cells develop in several stages from stalk cells to blood cells or claret platelets. White blood cells such as lymphocytes don't simply mature in the bone marrow, only also in the lymph nodes. When the cells are ready, they are released into the bloodstream. In improver to these mature cells, the blood still contains a modest number of precursor cells.

Certain chemical messengers regulate the production of blood cells. For case, the hormone erythropoietin, which is produced in the kidneys, promotes the product of red blood cells. And cytokines stimulate the production of white claret cells.

Sources

• Menche N. (ed.) Biologie Anatomie Physiologie. Munich: Urban & Fischer/ Elsevier; 2012.

• Pschyrembel W. Klinisches Wörterbuch. Berlin: De Gruyter; 2014.

• Schmidt R, Lang F, Heckmann Yard. Physiologie des Menschen: mit Pathophysiologie. Heidelberg: Springer; 2011.

• IQWiG health data is written with the aim of helping people empathize the advantages and disadvantages of the principal treatment options and wellness care services.

  Considering IQWiG is a German institute, some of the information provided hither is specific to the German health intendance system. The suitability of any of the described options in an private case can exist determined by talking to a md. Nosotros practice non offer individual consultations.

  Our information is based on the results of skillful-quality studies. It is written by a team of health intendance professionals, scientists and editors, and reviewed by external experts. You can find a detailed description of how our health information is produced and updated in our methods.

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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279392/

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