Chapter 19 Section 1 World War 1 Begins Guided Reading Answers

Section ane Reading materials

Prereading exercises:

Exercise 1 Answer the post-obit questions.

one Do you know anything nigh press photography? What exactly exercise you know? Where have yous found out this information?

ii Do you think that printing photography is important? For whom or for what historic period groups? Does information technology actually matter?

Exercise 2 Read the topical vocabulary and find out how many words are new for yous. Attempt to learn them. Share your means of words learning with your groupmates, give communication.

Unit three The topical vocabulary

Agency /ˈei dʒ ən si/ � n ���������

appear � five ���������

appearance � n ��������� ������

approach � n ����������, �����

approach � north �������������, ��������

autotype /ˈo tətaip/� n ��������, ����������� �������
complete � 5 ����������, �����������

completive � � ������������

depict � v �����������, ���������

depiction � n ����������, �������, �������, �������

describe (drew, drawn) � v ������������, ��������

drawer � northward ��������

cartoon � n ���������, ���������, �����, �������

editor /ˈed I tər/ � northward ��������

editorial � � �������� ������, ����������

editorial � � �������������, �����������

editorialist � n ����� ��������� ������

editorship � n ��������, �����������

engrave /InˈgreIv/ � v ����������, �������������

engraving � due north �����������, �������

surroundings � n ���������� ����������

excite /IkˈsaIt/ � v ��������� �������

excited � � ���������, ������������

aggrandize /Iksˈpænd/ � v ����������, ���������(��)

expanded edition � � ��������� �������

gelatine /ˈdʒel ə ti:n/ � north �������, ����

one-half tones � ��������

hatch � v ����������

hatch � north �����, ���������

hatching � n �����������

heliogravure /ˈhi :li ou grəuˈvjuər/ � n �����������

epitome � n �����, ����������

imagination � n ����, �������

innovation � n ������������

innovator � due north �������, �������������

outbreak � n ������� (�����������)

photography � ����������, ��������������

prevalence � n ��������������

prevalent /ˈprev ə lənt/ � � (������) ��������������

rate � northward �����, ����

recognition � � ��������, ���������

reduce � v ����������, �����������

reduction � northward ��������, ���������, ����������

renowned � � ���������, ����������, ������

reproduce � v �����������, ������ ����, �����������, ���������

reproduction � n ����������, ����������

select � v ��������, ��������� ����

choice � n ����, ����

snapshot � n ���������� (�����������)

snap-shot � five ������� ������������ ������, �������������

TEXT ATHE FIRST Stage OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF Printing PHOTOGRAPHY

Chore: read the text, translate it into Ukrainian.

The industrial revolution profoundly improved the standard of periodicals. A similar influence manifested itself on the path leading to the culmination of the democratization of the film. Mankind required a new method of producing pictures, in connexion with the necessity of obtaining practical information, which could make reproductions not only faster than painting and drawing, but likewise produce more realistic and detailed pictures. This urgent demand was satisfied by the invention of photography which is frequently described with respect to the fourth dimension of its origin every bit the about beautiful kid of the industrial revolution.

The early on stages of the development of photography as a pictorial culture were marked by many inventions. New weather were created for the cooperation of some photographers with the editorial staff² of periodicals and newspapers.

The apply of photographs equally a basis for graphical reproduction started with books and albums, due to the high cost.

The start book with lithograph illustrations appeared in 1840. A historical engagement is May xiv, 1842, when Herbert Ingram founded the famous Illustrated London News. As the proper name indicates, information technology was to be a periodical relying largely on pictorial information. The illustrations were produced by a large squad of graphic artists employed permanently by the publishers. Their work was based on both sketches and photographs. Due to the quality and possibilities of photography, photos were used mainly for landscapes, town views and portraits. Genre scenes and topical events were produced mainly after sketches of interesting events.

The time was ripe for³ periodicals relying more heavily on pictorial data. A yr later a similar magazine L'illustration was published in Paris, and the Illustrierte Zeitung started to announced in Leipzig, Germany.

The one-half-tones of photograph were replaced in copies fabricated later on original photos past hatching. The confidence of the public in the printed result was not the same equally in the original photograph. Engravers sometimes deprived the pictures of disturbing elements or simplified them. The demand for relatively large teams of graphic artists meant extra toll for the publisher and slower production rate. For these reasons methods were sought how to use photographs in periodicals more directly. In 1882 George Meisenbach invented the method chosen autotype. It contributed greatly to the direct use of images in periodicals. Another way led through experiments with photogravure. The nearly important innovation was the heliogravure, invented in 1878 by Karel Klic.

At the stop of the l880s it was possible to print half-tone reproductions of images simultaneously with the text using either Meisenbach'south autotype or Kile's heliogravure methods. Most photographers so used the dry out gelatine plate, and photographic films were also becoming available at that time. The land of the art achieved in the 19th century contributed considerably to the completion of the starting time phase of the development of photography for printing purposes.

Notes:

¹ as a pictorial culture � �� ��������� ����������;

² editorial staff � ����������� ��������, ����� ��������;

³ the time was ripe for � ������� ��� ���...

Postreading exercises:

Practice i Read the international words and guess their meaning. Heed the stress.

'logical rea'listic infor'mation

'album pho'tography culmi'nation

'artist ma'terial revo'lution

'culture ex'periment ˌprocla'mation

'graphic in'dustrial ˌsuper'structur

Do 2 Memorize the following pairs of derivatives

N→ Adj	V → N
culture	cultural	culminate culmination
industry	industrial	connect connection
picture	pictorial	invent invention
editor	editorial	cooperate cooperation
graphic	graphical	appear advent
topic	topical	consummate completion
origin	original	develop development

Exercise 3 Lucifer English language and Ukrainian equivalents.

1 material base;

2 industrial revolution;

three to obtain information;

4 the invention of photography;

5 editorial staff;

half-dozen graphical reproduction;

7 possibilities of photography;

8 to employ photographs in periodicals;

9 for press purposes;

a) ������� ����������;

b) ��� (������) �����;

c) �������� ����������;

d) ���������� ����;

e) ������������ ���������� � ��������;

f) ���������� ���������;

g) ��������� ����������;

h) ����������� ����;

i) ��������� ����������.

Practice 4 Choose the right word.

1 Thursday� industrial revolution profoundly ... the standard of periodical.

a) deteriorated; b) improved.

two The use of photographs as a ground for graphical reproduction started with�

a) magazines; b) albums.

3 Illustrated London News wequally to be a periodical relying largely on ... data.

a) pictorial; b)historical.

4 The illustrations were produced by a large squad of graphic �

a) symbols; b) artists.

5 The half-tones of the photograph were replaced in copiesmade after original photos past ...

a) painting; b) hatching.

6 In 1882 George Meisenbach invented the method chosen �

a) autotype; b) heliogravure.

seven Most photographers used the ... at the finish of the 1880s.

a) hatching; b) dry out gelatine plate.

Exercise 5 Complete the sentences.

1 Mankind required a new method of ...

ii The invention of photography is oft described as ...

3 The early stages of the evolution of photography were marked by ...

four New weather condition were created for the cooperation of some photographers with ...

five Due to the quality and possibilities of photograph, photos were used mainly for ...

vi The need for relatively large teams of graphic artists meant ...

vii At the end of the 1880s photographic films were ...

Practise 6 Insert the correct word:

ane) press; ii) photographer; 3) reproductions; 4) engraved; v) periodicals; half dozen) photos.

Many publishers of illustrated ... had established good relations with some studios already at the fourth dimension when portraits were ... and found their concept suitable also in the new conditions. Several ... began to work only afterwards the introduction of one-half-tone... The evolution of portraits coming together best the new requirement of the ... was influenced almost past contributions originating outside studios. Oftentimes, they were ... taken by nonprofessionals.

Do seven Mark the statements that are true. Right the false statements.

1 The invention of photography made reproductions faster than painting and drawing and helped to produce more realistic and detailed pictures.

2 The first volume with lithograph illustrations appeared in 1850.

3 Herbert Ingram founded Illustrated London News in 1842.

iv The work of graphic artists was based only on photographs.

5 Engravers sometimes deprived the pictures of disturbing elements or simplified them.

6 At the end of the 1880s information technology was impossible to print half-tone reproductions of images simultaneously with the text.

Do viii Reply the questions on the text.

1 What improved the standard of periodicals?

ii What was frequently described as �the nigh beautiful child of the industrial revolution�?

three When and where was the outset illustrated periodical founded?

4 When did illustrated magazines appear in France and Germany?

5 What was the virtually important innovation in photography?

6 When was the heliogravure invented by Karel Klic?

Practise 9 Make a short summary of the text or a plan. Retell the text.

TEXT BPORTRAITS IN Press PHOTOGRAPHY

Task: read the text, find in information technology answers to the questions given below.

The fast progress of photographic equipment and an ever-increasing interest of newspapers and magazines in pictures contributed to progressive evolution of portraits and documentary photography. The portrait was popular in illustrated magazines already when it had to be engraved. The public was interested in characteristic features of the faces of members of ruling families, politicians, actors, writers, musicians and other famous personalities. Readers also liked to run across pictures of typical representatives of geographical regions in connectedness with the increasing popularity of books of travel. Due to the policy of publishers to offer also sensational news items, faces of criminals and embezzlers^ane appeared as well in periodicals. Several criminals evading the police force² were arrested.

Editors of newspapers and periodicals were fairly experienced in using portraits. In selecting pictures, they distinguished betwixt photos of of import politicians, financiers and businessmen, and pictures of persons unknown to the public intended to characterize a certain class or group of people. Moreover at that place were systematic attempts of producers to gain publicity for new films. This made very popular the publication of the portraits of moving-picture show-stars.

The variety of portrait photography introduced liveliness into the appearance of periodicals. But most of newspapers and magazines chose their pictures depending on the content. In view of specific orientation of periodicals, sure types appeared nigh frequently. In the weeklies Life, Ogonek and Picture show Post, the forms preferred, were journalistic portraits, supplementing best moving-picture show stories and reportages. Their development is one of the most important achievements of press photography during the period from 1918 to 1945.

Notes:

¹ embezzler � ����������, �����;

² to evade the law � �������� �� ������;

^three to distinguish between � ��������� ��������� ��, ��������.

1 What contributed to the progressive development: portraits and documentary photography?

2 When and why did the portrait become popular in illustrated magazines?

3 How did newspapers and magazines choose their pictures?

TEXT C FROM THE HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY

Task: read the text, get gear up to render its contents in Ukrainian.

In the 19th century the evolution of science, technology and industry formed a existent base for the invention of photography and for the apply of photos. All the fundamental changes in manufacture, chemistry, transport, military action contributed directly or indirectly to improvements of the photographic process. Similar improvements also took identify in the evolution of printing techniques and in the increase and diversification¹ of the contents of newspapers and periodicals.

The early stages of the development of photography as a new pictorial culture were marked past two inventions which received the widest practical application. One of them originated in France, the other in Great Britain, 2 of the most advanced European industrial nations.

Photography has been an integral office of human culture over the 150 years since its invention. This is mainly due to the pictures, which were reproduced on the printed page. Special importance has gained by photographs actualization on pages of mass-circulation newspapers and periodicals. It is only logical that the entire evolution, from very modest beginnings, rose from the necessities felt by the whole human society.

The increasing involvement in pictorial data began to grow fifty-fifty before the 19th century. One obvious effect of this was the invention of photography which became and so profoundly widespread through the earth, that many theoreticians refer to the nowadays fourth dimension as the �optical age�.

Later on the invention of photography many people expected that it would supersede painting. This tin be easily understood, considering painting had developed forth with mankind since the times of cave drawings^two. While photography entered a highly developed guild, making use of all its cultural experience. The departure betwixt the nature of painting and creative photography could then hands escape attention.

Notes:

^one the increase and diversification � ��������� � ��������������;

ⁱⁱ �ave drawings � ������� �������.

TEXT DTHE Evolution OF ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINES

Chore: read the text and say how and when the status of �war photoreporter� appeared.

Before the Commencement Earth State of war the highest standard was achieved by British, American and French illustrated magazines. German weeklies surpassed them in the 1920s. Several illustrated weeklies existed in the United states during the 1920s, as The Sat Evening Mail service: they were rather bourgeois in their concept and did not make the full use of the power of photographic communication.

At the fourth dimension of the outbreak of the World State of war I² the qualities of photographic equipment were good, which let photographers collaborate with the printing to make practiced outdoor snapshots in favourable light conditions. Photographs showing the environs of war events were specially valued. Phonographic reports which appeared on the pages of periodicals included optimistic moving-picture show: showing the visits of royalty to the frontlines and meeting with loftier-ranking officers. Such pictures were made generally by court photographers. Many photos were taken during pauses in the fighting, some in artificial conditions bundled safely behind the frontlines. These pictures created the wrong ideas among readers, by presenting the war as but a game. Some soldiers and sailors who were good photographers took their cameras to the front, and some of their photos reached the page of newspapers and periodicals. But the condition of �war photoreporter� was even so rather rare. Several outstanding American photographers worked in Europe without having the status of war reporters.

In the 1920 � 30s the main quest for the modern illustrated magazine was its diversity, its �face�.

In the U.s. a major turn in illustrated photography came in the second one-half of the 1930s. An event of almost historical importance was the foundation of the mag Life in November 1936. At the same time many monthlies were too created, which were important for the development of modern journalistic photography.

Notes:

¹ in their concept � �� ���� ������;

^two outbreak of the Earth War I � ������� ����� ������ ����.

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������� �����:

1. Balance canvas. Sections and articles of the balance
2. Critical Reading
3. Ex.1 Before reading and hearing about derivatives, match upwardly the half-sentences beneath which define some basic terms
4. FOOTWEAR MATERIALS
5. If reading is a habit yous�d similar to become into, there are a number of means to cultivate it.
6. II. Reading
7. II. Reading
8. II. Reading
9. Two. Reading
10. Two. Reading
11. II. Reading
12. II. Reading

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